PMC

(Color online) MPS (26 kHz, 50 mT/μ₀) signal parameters of MNPs, field frozen (10 mT/μ₀) along different directions with respect to the MPS applied field. (a) χ_diff and (b) integrated m(H) curves. MPS (26 kHz, 50 mT/μ₀) signal parameters of MNPs, frozen in different magnetic fields along parallel orientation: (c) χ_diff and (d) m(H) curves. MPS (50 mT/μ₀, different frequencies) signal parameters of MNPs, frozen in 5 mT/μ₀ along parallel orientation: (e) _diff and (f) m(H) curves.

Case of a magnetic reconnection site is used to examine whether or not one can visualize a magnetic field line moving across the diffusion region can transport the same amount of magnetic flux in its exit. The mismatch between incoming and outgoing magnetic flux indicates no correspondence between incoming magnetic field line and outgoing magnetic field line

When a fluid moves across non-uniform magnetic field, there is no frozen-in effect provided the fluid elements move along isomagnetic surfaces.

(Color online) (a) The simulated magnetic field of the permanent magnet (lines of equal field strength are shown in the figure). The test tube containing the SPIOs was frozen in this orientation at various distances to achieve the varying magnetic field amplitudes. In the example illustrated in (a), the aligning field was applied perpendicular to the direction of the oscillating (drive) field, which was always applied parallel to the long axis of the sample tube. The surface field for these magnets is 0.12 T, so we see that at 5 cm the field is in the single millitesla range as shown in experiment. Notably at this distance we can see the variations in the field are minimal within the test tube. (b) Measured variation of field strength with distance from the magnet. Error bars represent the variation in field within the sample tube for the stated field orientation, and they differ because the tube geometry is anisotropic.